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23 December,2024 02:26

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Fluid (orifice, flow nozzle,…)

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Pressure difference flow elements are one of the most common and widely used methods of fluid flow measurement. These tools work based on Bernoulli’s principle, which states that in a flowing fluid, an increase in fluid velocity causes a decrease in pressure. This pressure drop is measured as a pressure difference between two specific points in the fluid flow, and this pressure difference can be used to calculate the fluid flow rate.

Principles of operation of fluid elements

Differential pressure fluid elements use an obstruction or change in the fluid flow path to create a pressure differential. This pressure difference is usually measured at two points before and after the obstacle. Using the flow equations and Bernoulli’s principle, it is possible to calculate the volumetric or mass flow rate of the fluid.

Types of pressure difference flow elements

1. Orifice plate:

This type of flow element uses a plate with a central hole that is placed in the flow path. When the fluid passes through this hole, a pressure difference is created between the two sides of the plate. Orifice plate is one of the simplest and most widely used flow elements and is used in many industries.
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2. Venturi tube:

A venturi tube has a conical tube that gradually narrows in an area and then narrows again. This design creates a smaller but more accurate pressure difference than the orifice plate. Due to its high accuracy and reduction of pressure drop, venturi tube is used in applications that require accurate measurement.
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3. Flow nozzle:

The flow nozzle is similar to the venturi tube, but with a simpler and cheaper design. The flow nozzle is usually used in applications with very high flows, because the resistance to wear and erosion is higher in this type.

4. Pitot tube:

A pitot tube is a simple instrument commonly used to measure fluid velocity at specific points in a flow. This instrument consists of an open-ended tube that is placed parallel to the fluid flow and measures the static and dynamic pressure of the fluid.
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Applications

Pressure difference flow elements are used in various industries such as oil and gas, petrochemical, power plants, water and sewage, and food industries. Due to their simplicity, durability, and high reliability, these flowmeters are used to measure the flow of fluids with different characteristics, including clean, dirty, gases, and liquids.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:
– Simplicity and reliability: Simple design without moving parts has made pressure difference flow elements a reliable tool.
– Wide application: these tools are suitable for a wide range of fluids and process conditions.
– Reasonable price: compared to many other flow meters, these flow meters are affordable in terms of cost.
Disadvantages:
– Permanent pressure drop: Using an obstacle in the flow path causes a permanent pressure drop, which can be problematic in systems where pressure reduction is critical.
– Sensitivity to installation accuracy: Correct and accurate installation of flow elements is necessary to achieve accurate measurement.
– Limitation in measuring multiphase flows: These flow meters are usually designed for single-phase fluids and are less accurate in measuring multiphase flows.